Of fundamental importance was the observation of the positively charged hole left by an electron in a noble gas atom. A better understanding of the tunnel effect can help improve its technical application. The quantum mechanical tunnelling effect is used, for example, in scanning tunnelling microscopes and flash memories on which data is stored in USB sticks. In this process, the charge carriers penetrate an energy barrier that they could not overcome according to the laws of classical physics. For example, they have observed electrons in the quantum mechanical process of tunnelling. With these extremely short flashes of light, researchers led by Ferenc Krausz have gained many new insights into the behaviour of electrons. Attosecond physics leads to faster electronics Meanwhile, the shortest light pulses flash for less than 100 attoseconds. When the electrons are recaptured, the atoms emit flashes of a few 100 attoseconds. They shot these light pulses at noble gas atoms and pulled electrons out of the electron shells of the atoms with the strong electromagnetic fields of the flashes. With such intense, perfectly controlled light pulses, which still lasted a few femtoseconds, the researchers led by Ferenc Krausz exerted forces on electrically charged particles such as electrons and protons that correspond to the inner-atomic forces. the exact course of a light wave, using the Ted Hänsch’s frequency comb technique, which also won a Nobel Prize - in 2005. In 2002, Ferenc Krausz and Theodor Hänsch, who is also director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and professor at the LMU, succeeded in controlling not only the intensity of light pulses but also the phase, i.e. The basis for this was laid by Ferenc Krausz and his compatriot Robert Szipöcs with the development of mirrors with which extremely intense laser pulses can be generated from a few oscillations of a light wave. Their use for observing electron movements in atoms was honoured by Nature and Science as one of the 10 most important scientific achievements of 2002. In 2001, Ferenc Krausz generated light pulses in the attosecond range (1 attosecond = 10-18 seconds) for the first time.
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